The outer most cells on the skin surface are thin,dead and fully keratinised. They form a horny or cornified layer called stratum corneum. It is especially thick on soles and palms.The outer portion of this layer is constantly being worn away,the dandruff is a familiar .News cells are constantly added from when the granular cells become horny and die. This dead layer is tough ,prevents mechanical injuries and fungal and bacterial attacka,and reduces water loss from the body. The outer surface of epidermis contains minute openings of sweat glands and hair follicles.
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